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Lung Cancer

Management Team

Lung Cancer

Overview

Lung cancer occurs when normal cells in the lungs turn abnormal and grow out of control. There are different types of lung cancers. Some types grow much faster than others and spread faster in the body. It is important to note that lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide.

People who smoke are at the greatest risk of developing lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer increases with the time and number of cigarettes smoked. Quitting smoking, even after smoking for many years, significantly lowers the chances of developing lung cancer. Lung cancer can also occur in people who have never smoked, and can be caused due to genetic predisposition, exposure to biomass fuel, air pollution or heavy metals.

Common symptoms of lung cancer include:

  • New onset or worsening cough
  • Breathlessness, or wheezing
  • Spitting or coughing up blood (haemoptysis)
  • Chest pain
  • Hoarseness of voice
  • Loss of weight
  • Loss of appetite
  • Headache and swelling of the face, arms or neck
  • Pain in the arm, shoulder or neck
  • Droopy eyelids or blurred vision
  • Weakness of the hand muscles

If a doctor suspects lung cancer they can ask for the following tests:

  • Blood tests
  • CT scan of the chest and neck
  • PET CT to look for lesions outside the lungs and to understand the activity level of the lesions in the lungs
  • Biopsy of the suspected lesion either through bronchoscopy, EBUS (ultrasound or CT guided) depending on the location of the lesion

  • Surgery: Lung cancer can sometimes be treated with surgery to remove the tumour. However, it can be performed only when detected early and is limited to one lobe or segment of the lung.
  • Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is the treatment that is given in later stages and also sometimes before the surgery to reduce the size of the lesion to make it more feasible to remove.
  • Targeted therapy: Some medicines work only for cancers that have certain characteristics. Your doctor might test your tumour to verify if your lung cancer would respond to these medicines.
  • Immunotherapy: This is the term doctors use for medicines that work with the body's infection-fighting system (the "immune system") to stop cancer growth. These are newer therapies that target the particular gene or mutation that stops the growth of cancerous cells.
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Leukodystrophy

Management Team

Leukodystrophy

Overview

Leukodystrophy refers to a group of rare genetic disorders that affect the brain and spinal cord. It is characterized by the progressive destruction of the myelin sheath, the covering over the nerves that helps the nerves to conduct faster. Damage to the myelin sheath disrupts the transmission of nerve signals, leading to various neurological symptoms.

  • Krabbe disease
  • Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD)
  • Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD)
  • Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD)
  • Peroxisomal biogenesis disorders (PBDs)
  • Refsum disease
  • Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX)

Leukodystrophies are usually inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern and are caused by mutations in specific genes.

  • Genetics: It can be inherited from one or both parents. Some ethnicities may have a higher risk of leukodystrophy.
  • Sex: Some types of leukodystrophy affect only men, while others affect men and women equally.
  • Age: Many types of leukodystrophy are more common in children, but some can affect both children and adults.
  • Genetic mutations: Genetic mutations can occur randomly when cells divide, or they can be caused by viruses, environmental factors, or a combination of these.

  • Vision loss
  • Hearing loss
  • Seizures
  • Cognitive decline
  • Muscle weakness or paralysis
  • Difficulty in coordination and balance
  • Difficulty in speech and language
  • Developmental delays

Neurologist

  • Clinical examination
  • MRI brain and spinal cord
  • Genetic testing depending on the specific pattern of involvement of brain

  • Stem cell transplantation
  • Gene therapy
  • Supportive care
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Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy (LGMD)

Management Team

Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy (LGMD)

Overview

LGMD is a diverse group of neuromuscular diseases presenting with weakness of proximal group of muscles like shoulder and pelvic girdle. There are many subtypes of LGMD with different patterns of muscle involvement and associated features. They are genetically determined with autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. They progress slowly and symmetrically.

  • Genetic inheritance
  • Mutations in CAPN3, DYSF, and LGMD types 2I, 2K, 2M, and 2N genes

  • Weakness and atrophy of limb girdle muscles. Some muscles are selectively more involved, whereas others are spared
  • Waddling gait due to weakness of pelvic muscles
  • Trouble getting up from a chair or climbing stairs
  • Difficulty in lifting heavy objects especially over the head
  • Some types may be associated with cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrhythmia, respiratory muscle involvement
  • Joint stiffness and muscle cramps
  • Occasional involvement of distal muscles

Neurologist

  • Clinical history and examination
  • MRI of limb girdle to confirm the pattern of muscles involved
  • Muscle biopsy
  • Genetic testing that can reveal the disease type:
  • LGMD 1 (Autosomal dominant)- LGMD 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F, 1G, 1H
  • LGMD 2 (Autosomal recessive)- LGMD 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F, 2G, 2H, 2I, 2J, 2K, 2L, 2M, 2N, 2O, 2P, 2Q, 2R, 2S, 2T, 2U, 2V, 2W, 2X, and 2Y

  • Physiotherapy and muscle strengthening exercises
  • Assistive devices and orthosis
  • Genetic counselling
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Limbic Encephalitis

Management Team

Limbic Encephalitis

Overview

It is a rare neurological disorder, in which an autoimmune inflammation of the brain predominantly affects the limbic area, secondary to infection or cancers. It is acute in onset and causes altered sensorium, behaviour changes, seizures.

  • Cancer
  • Herpes simplex encephalitis
  • Autoimmune disorders

  • Older age
  • Weakened immune system
  • Geographical regions where mosquito- or tick-borne viruses spread easily
  • Season of the year
  • Smoking

  • Headache and irritability
  • Behavioural changes- delusion, hallucinations, agitation, psychosis
  • Acute to subacute memory loss
  • Seizures
  • Common antibodies associated with limbic encephalitis are Anti Hu, Anti-Ma, Anti CRMP5, anti-GAD 65, anti Ampiphysin, Anti- NMDAR, anti VGKC, anti AMPA, Anti Glu antibodies

Neurologist

  • CSF and blood investigations to detect pathogenic antibodies
  • FLAIR and contrast changes on MRI in limbic areas
  • PET scan to check increased metabolism in these areas
  • EEG to check for abnormalities

  • Immunomodulation with corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, plasmapheresis in acute stage
  • Rituximab, cyclophosphamide for long-term therapy
  • Removal of tumour
  • Supportive management of psychosis and seizures
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Liver Cancer (Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC))

Management Team

Liver Cancer (Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC))

Overview

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), commonly referred to as primary liver cancer, originates in the liver. It most often develops in individuals with chronic liver disease or cirrhosis.

Cirrhosis develops within a liver when it gets damaged by liver disease – hepatitis (B, C); alcohol, fatty liver disease (NAFLD), autoimmune liver disease and others. Cirrhosis is irreversible and over time predisposes to the development of liver cancer (among other complications).

  • Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): The most common type, arising from hepatocytes, the primary liver cells.
  • Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Cancer originating in the bile ducts within the liver.
  • Fibrolamellar Carcinoma: A rare subtype of HCC seen in younger individuals without underlying liver disease.

Liver cancer typically results from genetic mutations in liver cells, causing uncontrolled growth and tumour formation.

  • Chronic liver disease:
    • Cirrhosis caused by hepatitis B or C infection.
    • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
    • Alcohol-induced liver damage.
  • Lifestyle factors:
    • Heavy alcohol consumption.
    • Obesity and poor dietary habits.
  • Environmental and genetic factors:
    • Exposure to aflatoxins (contaminants in food).
    • Genetic predisposition to liver diseases.

Liver cancer often remains asymptomatic in its early stages. Common symptoms include:

  • Persistent abdominal pain or discomfort.
  • Loss of appetite and significant weight loss.
  • Fatigue and weakness.
  • A feeling of heaviness in the upper abdomen.
  • Jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes).
  • Swelling in the abdomen due to fluid accumulation (ascites).

  • Ultrasound: Often detects liver cancer incidentally during routine check-ups or screening in high-risk individuals.
  • Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) Test: A tumour marker elevated in many cases of HCC.
  • CT and MRI Scans: Provide detailed images to assess tumour size, location, and spread.
  • PET-CT Scan: Helps determine whether cancer has metastasised to other parts of the body.
  • Liver Function Tests: Evaluate the liver’s overall health.
  • Biopsy: Confirms the diagnosis by analysing tissue samples.

Treatment for liver cancer depends on tumour size, extent of disease, liver function, and overall health. Options include:

  • Surgery
    • Hepatectomy: Removal of the cancerous portion of the liver. Suitable for patients with localised tumours and preserved liver function.
    • Can be performed using open surgery, laparoscopy, or robotic-assisted techniques.
  • Liver Transplantation
    • Recommended for patients with cirrhosis and localised liver cancer.
    • Involves replacing the diseased liver with a healthy one from a deceased or living donor.
  • Ablative Therapies
    • Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) or Microwave Ablation (MWA): Destroy tumours using heat generated by electrical currents or microwaves.
  • Transarterial Therapies
    • Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE): Delivers chemotherapy directly to the tumour via blood vessels, cutting off its blood supply.
    • Transarterial Radioembolization (TARE): Uses radioactive beads to target and destroy the tumour.
  • Systemic Treatments
    • Chemotherapy: Oral or intravenous medications to control advanced cases.
    • Targeted Therapy: Medications like sorafenib that block specific cancer cell pathways.
    • Immunotherapy: Drugs that enhance the immune system's ability to fight cancer cells.

  • Avoid excessive alcohol consumption and maintain a healthy weight.
  • Get vaccinated against hepatitis B and seek treatment for hepatitis C if diagnosed.
  • Regular screening for high-risk individuals, particularly those with cirrhosis.
  • Consume a balanced diet and avoid exposure to aflatoxins.
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Lung Cancer

Management Team

Lung Cancer

Overview

Lung cancer develops when abnormal cells in the lungs grow and multiply uncontrollably, forming a tumour. Over time, this tumour may spread (metastasise) to other parts of the body.

  • Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
  • Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)
  • Lung carcinoid tumour

  • Smoking (leading cause)
  • Passive exposure to second-hand smoke
  • Occupational exposure to harmful substances like fumes, soot, and arsenic
  • Exposure to asbestos
  • Pre-existing lung conditions like fibrosis and emphysema

  • Persistent coughing or wheezing
  • Chest pain or discomfort
  • Shortness of breath or extreme fatigue
  • Coughing up blood or rusty-coloured sputum
  • Recurrent respiratory infections

  • Imaging tests: CT, PET, or MRI scans, particularly of the brain in advanced cases
  • Biopsy: CT guided or EBUS (Endobronchial Ultrasound) biopsy
  • Nodal staging: Mediastinoscopy or EBUS for lymph node evaluation
  • Sputum cytology: Microscopic analysis of sputum samples
  • Pulmonary function tests: To assess lung capacity and function for operable cases
  • Cardiac evaluation: To ensure surgical readiness for operable lung cancers

  • Surgery: Performed using conventional technique, VATS, or robotic methods
  • Chemotherapy
  • Radiation therapy
  • Targeted therapy Designed for specific genetic mutations in cancer cells
  • Immunotherapy: Boosts the immune system to fight cancer

The treatment options depend on the cancer stage and medical condition of the patient. Either one or different combinations of the above therapies may be used for the individual.

  • Quit smoking
  • Avoid exposure to second-hand smoke
  • Smokers may consider low-dose CT scans for early detection after consulting a physician
  • Maintain a healthy diet with regular exercise

Prognosis varies significantly based on the stage of cancer at diagnosis, the patient’s overall health, and the response to treatment.

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Liver cancer

Management Team

Liver cancer

Overview

Liver cancer, also known as hepatic cancer, occurs when malignant cells form in the tissues of the liver. The liver is a vital organ responsible for functions such as detoxifying the body, producing bile, and synthesising proteins, making liver cancer particularly concerning. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer, but there are also other forms like cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) and rare types like hepatoblastoma (found mainly in children).

  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC):
    • The most common type of liver cancer, making up around 75-85% of cases. It originates in the liver cells (hepatocytes).
  • Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer):
    • Cancer that starts in the bile ducts inside or outside the liver. It’s less common than HCC.
  • Hepatoblastoma:
    • A rare and aggressive form of liver cancer, primarily affecting children.
  • Angiosarcoma and hemangiosarcoma:
    • Rare cancers that originate in the blood vessels of the liver.

  • Chronic liver disease:
    • Long-term conditions like cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) or chronic hepatitis B or C infections are primary causes. The damage to liver cells can lead to cancer over time.
  • Cirrhosis:
    • This is often caused by alcohol abuse, hepatitis, fatty liver disease, or other liver conditions.
  • Hepatitis B and C:
    • Both viral infections can increase the risk of liver cancer by causing chronic liver inflammation and damage.
  • Fatty liver disease:
    • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol, which increase cancer risk.
  • Aflatoxin exposure:
    • A toxin produced by mold in certain grains and nuts, which can increase liver cancer risk.
  • Inherited liver diseases:
    • Conditions like hemochromatosis (excess iron accumulation) or Wilson’s disease (copper buildup) can increase risk.
  • Tobacco and alcohol use:
    • Smoking and heavy drinking damage the liver and increase the likelihood of developing liver cancer.

  • Chronic viral infections:
    • Hepatitis B or C.
  • Alcohol consumption:
    • Long-term alcohol abuse is a major risk factor for cirrhosis, leading to liver cancer.
  • Obesity and diabetes:
    • Both conditions contribute to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which raises cancer risk.
  • Gender and age:
    • Men are more likely to develop liver cancer, and the risk increases with age, typically occurring in people over 50.
  • Family history:
    • A family history of liver cancer or chronic liver disease can increase risk.
  • Exposure to chemicals:
    • Chemicals such as vinyl chloride and arsenic have been linked to a higher risk of liver cancer.

  • Unexplained weight loss:
    • One of the most common symptoms of liver cancer.
  • Loss of appetite:
    • Feeling full after eating only a small amount or a loss of interest in food.
  • Abdominal pain:
    • Pain or a feeling of fullness in the upper right side of the abdomen, where the liver is located.
  • Jaundice:
    • Caused by a buildup of bilirubin.
  • Fatigue and weakness:
    • Chronic tiredness or a feeling of weakness.
  • Abdominal swelling (ascites):
    • Legs and feet may swell due to fluid retention.
  • Nausea and vomiting:
    • Digestive issues often accompany liver cancer.
  • Itchy skin:
    • An uncommon but possible symptom.

  • Physical examination:
    • A doctor will check for signs of liver enlargement or tenderness.
  • Blood tests:
    • Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP): Elevated levels of AFP may indicate liver cancer, although it can also be high in other liver conditions.
  • Imaging tests:
    • Ultrasound: Often the first imaging test to identify liver tumours.
    • CT: Helps provide detailed images of the liver.
    • MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): Used for a more detailed assessment of liver cancer and surrounding structures.
  • Biopsy:
    • A biopsy may be done to confirm the diagnosis. A small sample of liver tissue is removed for examination.
  • Liver function tests:
    • To assess how well the liver is working.

The treatment depends on the stage, type, and overall health of the patient.

  • Surgical options:
    • Liver resection: Removal of part of the liver if the cancer is localized.
    • Liver transplant: In cases where the liver is severely damaged or cancer has spread to the entire liver.
  • Ablation therapy:
    • Radiofrequency ablation (RFA): Uses heat to destroy cancer cells.
    • Microwave ablation: Similar to RFA but uses microwave energy.
    • Ethanol injection: Injecting alcohol directly into the tumour to destroy it.
  • Chemotherapy:
    • Traditional chemotherapy: Drugs used to target and kill cancer cells, although liver cancer is often resistant to chemotherapy.
    • Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE): Delivers chemotherapy directly to the tumour and cuts off its blood supply.
  • Immunotherapy:
    • Checkpoint Inhibitors: Drugs like pembrolizumab (Keytruda) or nivolumab (Opdivo) stimulate the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
    • Cytokine Therapy: Uses substances like interleukin-2 (IL-2) to help the immune system fight cancer.
  • Targeted therapy:
    • Sorafenib (Nexavar) or Lenvatinib (Lenvima) target specific pathways that allow liver cancer cells to grow.
  • Radiation therapy:
    • Used in certain situations to target specific tumours, though it’s not commonly used for liver cancer.
  • Palliative care:
    • For patients with advanced liver cancer, palliative care focuses on relieving
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Liver Transplantation

Management Team

Liver Transplantation

Overview

Liver transplantation is a surgical procedure to replace a failing or damaged liver with a healthy, well-functioning one. The most commonly used technique is orthotropic liver transplantation, in which the entire liver is removed and replaced by a healthy liver from a donor. Liver transplantation is the universal standard of care treatment for end-stage chronic liver disease or cirrhosis and is a life-saving operation for patients with acute liver failure. Donated liver can be from a living donor or a deceased (brain dead, cadaveric) donor.

Signs and symptoms of liver disease and results of certain blood tests are commonly used to determine the severity of liver disease, which in turn determines the treatment required.

Some patients might have an irreversible liver disease but not enough to warrant a transplant, whereas others might be too sick to benefit from a transplant. This assessment can best be made by doctors who specialise in liver diseases i.e. liver transplant surgeons and hepatologists. Transplantation will be offered only if the benefits of a liver transplant outweigh its risks.

Liver transplant is not offered to patients with current alcohol abuse problems, those with uncontrolled active infections, widespread cancer or severe, untreatable diseases of the brain, heart or lung.

There are two types of liver transplants depending on the source of liver:

1. Deceased donor liver transplant (Cadaveric liver transplant)

Brain death is sudden death after an accident, brain haemorrhage or stroke with irreversible brain damage that is not compatible for life. Donation by a single deceased donor can allow as many as nine lifesaving organ transplants and numerous life-enhancing tissue replacements.

2. Living donor liver transplant 

This is technically more complex than deceased donor liver transplantation, but can be safely performed by an experienced team with a well-established setup. A few advantages of living donor transplants are:

  • Living donors are healthy people with a perfectly healthy liver and go through a rigorous process of evaluation; therefore, the chances of liver not working after transplantation are very minimal
  • Better genetic match between living donors and candidates may decrease the risk of organ rejection

1. Recipient

The preparation starts with the recipient's evaluation. Once the patient is found suitable for transplantation, any potential donors in the family should have their blood group checked, and if found compatible, they should undergo donor evaluation. If the donor is found to be suitable, authorisation committee clearance is obtained, and the transplant is scheduled. Patients planned for a living donor liver transplant can generally undergo the same in about 2–3 weeks.

Evaluation
Once end-stage liver disease (E.S.L.D.) is diagnosed and the need for a transplant is perceived, the patients undergo a formal liver disease evaluation, which involves blood tests, computed tomography (C.T.) and other scans, tests for heart, lungs and other organ systems, and assessment by various specialists. Evaluation is performed with the following goals:

  • To establish the diagnosis and find the cause of cirrhosis / E.S.L.D.
  • To determine the severity of liver disease and its effects on other organ systems such as the heart, kidneys, lungs, etc. and thus determine the urgency of transplant
  • To actively look for liver tumour
  • To evaluate the condition of other organ systems, such as the heart, lungs, kidneys, etc. and determine the patient's ability to tolerate this major operation
  • To evaluate difficulty, technical feasibility and risk of surgery (previous abdominal infections, surgery, thrombosis of liver blood vessels)

Evaluation generally takes approximately 7–10 days and is conducted as outpatient services.

2. Donor

A living donor should meet the following criteria:

  • Compatible blood group with the recipient
  • A family member (wife, husband, mother, father, brother, sister, son, daughter, grandfather, grandmother, grandson, granddaughter) or close relative of the patient
  • We do not accept family friends, well-wishers, staff or neighbours as donors
  • Age group range: 18–55 years
  • Should not be overweight because people who are overweight may have fatty liver
  • The donor liver should be large enough to provide adequate volume for the recipient (patient) as well as for the donor
  • Donor should be in good overall physical and mental health, undergo a thorough medical and psychological evaluation and volunteer for donation after fully understanding the risks of surgery

The decision to donate can be changed at any stage of the evaluation, before or after the tests are performed or any time before the surgery.

Evaluation 
Liver donor evaluation usually takes about 7–10 days and is performed as outpatient services, most often along with the recipient evaluation. Donors usually undergo liver function and liver volume tests to evaluate the organ in first phase. Few donors might need a biopsy to study the liver quality in more detail, where a tiny piece of liver is examined under a microscope.

When potential donors are rejected, it can be stressful for the family, but this evaluation is performed for the safety of the donor and success of transplantation; an alternative donor should then be identified. Both the patient’s and donor’s emotional health and willingness for transplant is more important for the operation and they would be counselled by a psychologist during evaluation.

3. Alternatives for living donor

Patients who do not have a suitable living donor or are unlikely to get a deceased donor transplant in time for their disease severity might benefit from one of the following innovative procedures:

  • Swap transplant
    When one of the patient's family members is suitable and willing for donation but is not a good match for the patient, a paired donation or swap transplant may be considered. In this type of transplant, two families with suitable living donors exchange their donors because they are not a good match for their own patients but are appropriate for each other's patients. Both transplants are performed simultaneously and, therefore, can only be performed by a large, experienced transplant team after careful planning.
  • Dual lobe liver transplant
    When a potential living donor's liver volume is found inadequate for the recipient on pre-operative CT scan, they may be rejected and another donor evaluated. It is common that in one family two or more people might have been rejected for donation because of low liver volumes, who were otherwise suitable. If partial livers from both donors are combined, it is often adequate for the patient. In such a transplant, three operations (one recipient and two donors) are performed simultaneously.
  • ABO-incompatible (ABM) transplant
    Generally, a liver transplant is performed with blood group compatible donor liver because ABO (blood group) incompatible transplantation triggers the production of antibodies against the transplanted liver, thereby causing organ rejection. However, if some special immunosuppressive medicines and measures are used, antibody levels can be reduced before transplant and prevent organ rejection.
  • Deceased donor transplant
    Once the recipient evaluation is completed and patient is found medically fit for transplant, the prescribed forms have to be completed and submitted through the hospital to the state-wide appropriate authority for registering their names on the waiting list for a deceased donor transplant.
    When a potential deceased donor liver is available, patients are alerted immediately and called to the hospital. While one team prepares the patient for transplant, another team retrieves the donor's liver. The liver is carefully checked for its suitability for transplantation. Liver from donors may be considered high risk if they had previous hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection and possess risk factors for HIV infection, active infection or cancer. Patients should discuss the quality of liver and associated liver transplantation risks with the transplant team before accepting or rejecting it. If the transplant team finds the liver unsuitable, the donor family withdraws their consent to donate, or for any other reason, the transplant is cancelled; patients will have to return home and continue waiting for the next donor. While such "false alarms" could be stressful, these decisions are always taken in the interest of patient safety and to optimise the chances of a successful transplant.
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Lip Darkening

Management Team

Lip Darkening

Overview

Lip darkening refers to the discolouration of the lips, making them appear darker than their natural colour.

  • Hyperpigmentation: Darkening due to excess melanin.
  • Cyanosis: Blue or purple discolouration due to low oxygen levels.

  • Darkened lips
  • Uneven lip colour

  • Sun exposure
  • Smoking
  • Dehydration
  • Certain medications
  • Underlying health conditions

Visual examination and medical history review.

  • Topical lightening agents
  • Q-Switch YAG laser
  • Lifestyle changes
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Laser Skin Resurfacing

Management Team

Laser Skin Resurfacing

Overview

Collagen is the key component for skin elasticity and tightness. Laser skin resurfacing (or laser peel, laser vaporization, lasabrasion) targets the deeper layers of the skin to reveal a more refreshed and youthful appearance. It helps in minimizing facial wrinkles, blemishes, and scars. Fractionated pixel laser is the most recent cutting-edge technology in laser application used to improve the texture and appearance of the skin and significantly reversing the visible signs of ageing. The treatment is recommended to treat fine lines, open pores, under eyes dark circles and puffiness, uneven skin tone, acne scars, as well as other keloid and hypertrophic scars and stretch marks. During laser skin resurfacing, a highly concentrated light waves is discharged in a grid pattern to induce fractional photothermolysis, which enhances collagen generation and new skin tissue formation. This helps in replacing damaged skin tissues with healthy new skin The results are both progressive and immediate, and a series of 3-5 sessions are required depending on the indications and desired result.

The following laser devices are available at our department:

  • Alma Harmony XL pro: It is a versatile state-of-the-art laser device used for a broad spectrum of applications and treatments to achieve outstanding cosmetic results.
  • IPL SHR laser system: It is an excellent technology for effective and painless reduction of facial and extra-facial hair.
  • ClearLift PRO: This system provides laser toning treatment for skin rejuvenation, pigmentation, and tightness for all age groups, sexes, and skin types. ClearSkin PRO provides similar results, along with benefits for acne and acne scar treatment.
  • PIXEL laser probe: It is used for scar revision, skin resurfacing, and stretch marks reduction with a minimal recovery period.

Laser treatment can also be used for removing tattoo, treating vascular lesions, stubborn pigmentation, melasma, scars, and keloids. 

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